The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

The Protocols were first published in 1903 by Pavolachi (or Pavel) Krushevan, an instigator of the Kishinew pogrom, in his Russian newspaper called Znamia. Even though the text is about 100 years old and is considered a forgery by scholars today, it didn’t just influence politics in the past, but it still has some political influence in the present-day in the Arab and Muslim world.

“Although it’s a pernicious fraud, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion has unfortunately had a widespread influence–all of it evil–on the history of the 20th century. It was exposed as a hoax in 1921, yet it has been used as a justification for the Holocaust and for innumerable pogroms in Russia and the Soviet Union.

The Protocols was supposedly written in 1897 from the minutes of 24 secret meetings between Jews and Freemasons in which they conspired to bring down Western civilization and jointly rule the world. In reality, it is nothing of the sort. In 1921, Philip Graves of the London Times revealed The Protocols to be a fraud, showing it to be based on a French satire aimed at Napoleon III. In a series of side-by-side extracts printed in the Times, Graves demonstrated that the forgers took long portions of the original text, titled Dialogues in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, and simply replaced “France” with “Zion” and “The Emperor” with “We the Jews.” Further investigations by the Russian historian Vladimir Burtsev revealed other sources for The Protocols, including a fantasy novel by Hermann Goedsche and, more darkly, the hand of the Russian secret police.